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Abstract
NK cell exhaustion (NCE) due to sustained proliferation results in impaired NK cell function with loss of cytokine production and lytic activity. Using murine models of chronic NK cell stimulation, we have identified a phenotypic signature of NCE, characterized by upregulation of the terminal differentiation marker KLRG1 and by downregulation of eomesodermin and the activating receptor NKG2D. Chronic stimulation of mice lacking NKG2D resulted in minimal NCE compared with control mice, thus identifying NKG2D as a crucial mediator of NCE. NKG2D internalization and downregulation on NK cells have been previously observed in the presence of tumor cells with high expression of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) due to the activation of the DNA damage repair pathways. Interestingly, our study revealed that during NK cell activation, there is an increase of MULT1, an NKG2DL, that correlates with an induction of DNA damage. Treatment with the ATM DNA damage repair pathway inhibitor KU55933 (KU) during activation reduced NCE by improving expression of activation markers and genes involved in cell survival, through sustaining NKG2D expression and preserving cell functionality. Importantly, NK cells expanded ex vivo in the presence of KU displayed increased antitumor efficacy in both NKG2D-dependent and -independent mouse models. Collectively, these data demonstrate that NCE is caused by DNA damage and is regulated, at least in part, by NKG2D. Further, the prevention of NCE is a promising strategy to improve NK cell–based immunotherapy.
Authors
Maite Alvarez, Federico Simonetta, Jeanette Baker, Antonio Pierini, Arielle S. Wenokur, Alyssa R. Morrison, William J. Murphy, Robert S. Negrin
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