ResearchIn-Press PreviewImmunologyInfectious disease
Open Access | 
10.1172/jci.insight.207272
Pan-African hybridization of PfSPZ increases antigenic diversity and replicative capacity for malaria vaccine design
Lucia Pazzagli,1 Bethany Jenkins,2 Ankit Dwivedi,3 Asha Patil,2 Yonas Abebe,2 Tales V. Pascini,2 Urvashi Rai,2 Priya Gupta,4 Nastaran Rezakhani,4 Chakshu Gandhi,3 Yiwei Yang,3 Sudhir Kumar,4 Mohd Kamil,1 Gigliola Zanghí,4 Manuel Llinás,5 Stephen L. Hoffman,2 Joana C. Silva,3 Ashley M. Vaughan,6 and B. Kim Lee Sim2
1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
2Sanaria Inc., Rockville, United States of America
3Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States of America
4Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Chemistry, Huck Cen, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
6Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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Published August 18, 2026 - More info
Copyright © 2026, Pazzagli et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
